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Citing Sources Once
you have selected the topic and theme, posed a question, and acquired the
appropriate materials, you can begin constructing the paper. As noted several times in this online
guide, the paper must follow the author/date system of the Chicago Manual
of Style. Papers that do not
use the appropriate style are unacceptable. Be aware that there are two different styles in the Chicago Manual. One is for the humanities, which uses
the documentary note system. The
other is for the social sciences, which uses the author/data system. Students in my class must use the
author/date system, which is the system for the social sciences. An example of the standard
author/date citation follows (examples appear in Times New Roman font): According to Marx (1867), crucial to
the development of capitalism is the destruction of the social rules of the
feudal order. “The immediate
producer, the laborer, could only dispose of his own person after he had ceased
to be attached to the soil and ceased to be the slave, serf, or bondsman of
another” (973). Note
that I locate the date of the publication after the author’s name and that
there is no comma separating them.
Note the space between the last character of the author’s name and the
left parenthesis. Note also the
space between the second quotation mark and the left parenthesis. Many students make the error of
butting the left parenthesis up against the last character to its left. Also, note that the page number in
parentheses exists between the last quotation mark and the period ending the
sentence. There is an exception
to this. Suppose I use a longer
quote than the one used above.
For quotes longer than three lines, I want to set those off: According
to Marx (1867), crucial to the development of capitalism was the destruction
of the social rules of the feudal order. “The immediate producer, the laborer, could only dispose
of his own person after he had ceased to be attached to the soil and ceased
to be the slave, serf, or bondsman of another” (973). Marx elaborates his argument: To
become a free seller of labor-power, who carries his commodity wherever he
finds a market, he must further have escaped from the regime of the guilds,
their rules for apprentices and journeymen, and the impediments of their
labor regulations. Hence, the historical movement which
changes the producers into wage-workers, appears, on the one hand, as their
emancipation from serfdom and from the fetters of the guilds, and this side
alone exists for our bourgeois historians. But, on the other hand, these new
freedmen became sellers of themselves only after they had been robbed of all
their own means of production, and of all the guarantees of existence
afforded by the old feudal arrangements. And the history of this, their
expropriation, is written in the annals of mankind in letters of blood and
fire. (1867, 973) Note
that, in this case, the parenthetical citation is on the other side of the
period. We do this because it
might seem, absent the quotation marks, that the date and page number are
part of the quotation. Never
include a parenthetical citation inside the quotation marks. This example shows an improper
citation: “The immediate producer, the laborer,
could only dispose of his own person after he had ceased to be attached to
the soil and ceased to be the slave, serf, or bondsman of another (Marx 1867,
973).” The
paper must cite all sources with the author’s name and the date of the
publication and, if a direct quote or close paraphrase is used, accompanied
by a page number. However, avoid
quoting. Wherever you can,
put the information in your own words.
Quotes are useful for illustrating something significant, not for
hunting verbiage. But if you quote, make sure the quote is grammatical
relative to the textual context.
For example, if you use a quote that begins with a capital letter in
an already existing sentence, change the capital letter to a small letter
surrounded by brackets: Marx (1867) argues that “[t]he immediate producer, the laborer, could only dispose
of his own person after he had ceased to be attached to the soil and ceased
to be the slave, serf, or bondsman of another” (973). These
examples are not exhaustive. That is what the Chicago Manual of Style is for. Follow the style manual in producing
in-text citations, quotations, etc.
All sources cited in the paper must appear in the works cited page
with all the relevant information (name, date, article title, journal title,
volume, number, page numbers or, if a book, book title, publisher). If you do not cite a source, this
means you did not use it, and therefore it must not appear on the works cited
page. The paper must cite in the
text any source listed on the works cited page. Books and journals are either italicized or underlined. Articles are in quotation marks. |
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