The Richter Museum of Natural History contains northeastern Wisconsin's most complete collection of vertebrate specimens and represents this region's largest active natural history depository. Although major collections exist at the Chicago Field Museum, Milwaukee Public Museum, University of Michigan, University of Minnesota and University of Wisconsin, the Richter Museum houses one of the most historically important collections of birds and mammals in the western Great Lakes states. All of the locally breeding bird species, 95% of the mammal species, 80% of the reptile and amphibian species, and 80% of the fish species are represented in the collection. Standard date/locality information is associated with all but a few specimens, while the historical collections of Carl Richter also include original acquisition ledgers, correspondence, field notes, and a reference library.

In addition to its regional importance, the Richter Museum includes an oological collection of international significance. Starting with Carl Richter's 1975 donation of 10,500 egg sets (some dating to 1884, and many including nests), the Museum today contains more than 12,000 sets, making it the 10th largest oological collection in North America. All of Richter's contributions are fully documented with original field notes and often have correspondence (approximately 5000 letters) or photos (approximately 2000) associated with the acquisition. The oological collection represents more than 90% of North American species and subspecies as identified by the 5th AOU Checklist of North American Birds (the most recent Checklist which includes subspecies). Many species (e.g., Yellow Rail) are represented by long series of egg sets. Richter's personal collection provides a 50 year database for birds of the west shore of Green Bay. Other notable elements of the collection include endangered species such as Whooping Crane, Snail Kite, Kirtland's Warbler, Passenger Pigeon and several other very rare or extinct species. Richter also donated a large series of vertebrate specimens (including nearly 2000 meticulously prepared bird skins), Native American artifacts, geological specimens, and extensive collections of mollusks and butterflies.

Summary of Richter Museum Collections

Taxon	Category	Number of Specimens	Notes
Invertebrates	Fluid specimens	16000	EIS projects and local research
Fishes	Fluid specimens	1865	Regional
Amphibians/Reptiles	Fluid specimens	430	Regional
Birds	Skins	2350	Mainly regional
Birds	Egg sets	12000	N. America/W. Europe
Mammals	Skins/skulls	2200	Mainly regional
Mammals	Recent fossils	10000	Regional/Brussels Hill Cave

Richter's original donation has been followed by the acquisition of several other small egg collections, some dating back to the 1880's. Donations of voucher specimens from environmental impact studies by Dames and Moore, Inc. in Wisconsin and nearby states have added significantly to the collection's diversity. More recently, the Richter Museum has grown as a result of field research by faculty, staff, and students at UW Green Bay. The Museum also is used as a depository for specimens collected or salvaged by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Green Bay Wildlife Sanctuary, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Forest Service. Major environmental assessments associated with a proposed zinc-copper mine near Crandon, Wisconsin, have led to the addition of more than 2000 small mammal specimens, a small number of amphibians, and 200 butterflies. Ongoing projects with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources on old growth and managed forests in northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan continue to add small mammal specimens, amphibians, and spiders to the collection. Other recent sources of specimens include bats and birds from an ongoing investigation of mortality at newly constructed wind turbines in Kewaunee County, Wisconsin, a biological inventory of the newly established Point Sauble Nature Reserve, and excavation of vertebrate fossils from the state's deepest pit cave near Brussels Wisconsin.

The Egg Collection

Oological specimens like those in the Richter Museum consist of eggshells and remnants of internal membranes. Yolk, albumin, and the embryo itself are blown through a small hole shortly after the egg is collected. Bird eggs in the Richter Museum are mostly from the early 1900's, when egg collecting was a widespread hobby among naturalists. Today, additions to the Richter Museum's egg collection come only from photographs and specimens that are donated from other museums or estates.

The eggs shown on the right are from common bird species in northeastern Wisconsin.

1. Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus)

2. Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica)

3. Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis)

4. Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus)

5. Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana)