| Intro Human Biology - Home Page | Textbook Study Guide | |
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TEXTBOOK STUDY GUIDE FOR INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BIOLOGY
Professor: James C. Marker, Ph.D.
Textbook: Human Biology:
Concepts and Current Issues, Michael D. Johnson, Benjamin Cummings, 2001.
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Chapter 1 – Human Biology, Science, and Society – all
Cur_Iss: What are two major factors that the FDA tests for when a new drug is
being developed?
Match: all; Fil_Blnk:
all; TF: all; Conpt_Rev:1,2,3,4;
Ap_Know: none; |
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Terms:
living organisms defining biological life
sources of biological knowledge 5 kingdoms scientific method
hypothesis |
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experimental research correlative research descriptive research basic research applied research scientific vs. anecdotal evidence |
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Chapter 2 – The Chemistry of Living Things – all
Hlth_Watch: How do antioxidants protect us against free radicals?
Match: all; Fil_Blnk:
all; TF: all; Concpt_Rev:1,2,3,4;
Ap_Know: 1-3;
Case in Point:: What is the purpose of irradiating food? |
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Terms:
atom (components) molecule element compound isotope ion electrolyte covalent bonds ionic bonds hydrogen bonds water |
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acid base pH buffer organic inorganic carbohydrate monosaccharide disaccharide polysaccharide
polymer glycogen |
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cellulose amino acid protein enzyme lipid fat lipoprotein steroid nucleotide DNA RNA ATP |
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Chapter 3 - Structure and
Function of Cells – all
Dir_in_Sci: Why was the development of tissue
cultures important to curing Polio?
Match: all; Fil_Blnk:
11-16; TF: 21-24; Concpt_Rev:
4,5; Ap_Know: 1 Chapter 17 – Cell reproduction and Differentiation – pp. 426 – 427; 434-441; 444-445.
Dir_in_Sci: Why was the development of tissue
cultures important to curing Polio?
Match: none; Fil_Blnk:
9.10,13-15; TF: 16,17,19,20; Concpt_Rev:
4,7,9; |
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Terms:
cell theory
unicellular
multicellular
prokaryotic
eukaryotic
protocells
cyto
cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
fluid mosaic model
plasma membrane
receptor sites
nucleus
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nuclear envelope chromatin cytoplasm cytoskeleton mitochondria plastids (plants) lysosomes vacuoles endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex filamentous structures diffusion- (passive, facilitated) |
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active transport selective permeability endocytosis exocytosis osmosis chromosome chromotid cell cycle interphase mitosis - phases karyokinesis cytokinesis |
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Chapter 4 – From Cells to Organ Systems (including Integumentary System) – all
Cur_Iss: What characteristics do stem cells have that make them useful to
study disease?
Hlth_Watch: What specific types of cells are damaged by sunlight?
Match: 1,4-10; Fil_Blnk:
11-15,18; TF: 21-25; Concpt_Rev:
2,5-7; Ap_Know: 1,2; |
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Terms:
epithelial tissue connective tissue muscle tissue
nerve tissue interstitial fluid
tissue
organ
system Sir
Scrudmen |
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integument epidermis dermis subcutaneous tissue keratin melanocytes sebaceous glands sweat glands |
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Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System – pp.
106-112, 118-121
Hlth_Watch: What three “treatments” are
recommended for reducing bone loss from osteoporosis?
Dir_Sci: Does research support the hypothesis that applying a weak electrical
current through damaged bone enhances bone healing?
Hlth_Watch: What is the order (first, last) of heat vs. cold application to a
sprained joint?
Match: 1,5-10; Fil_Blnk:
11-20; TF: 21-23; Concpt_Rev:
1-3,8,10; Ap_Know: 1-3 |
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Terms:
axial skeleton appendicular skeleton composition of bone (tissue) osteo-cytes -blasts -clasts epiphysial plate |
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Haversian Canals red marrow synovial fluid non-movable joints, e.g., sutures 3 types of synovial joints sprain arthritis
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Chapter 6 – The Muscular System – all
Cur_Iss: Does research support the hypothesis that taking anabolic steroids
enhances strength?
Hlth_Watch: Based on the information provided, how would you describe the
relationship between exercise and aging? Hlth_Watch: This piece suggests that delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is
caused by damage to muscle. In
lecture, it was pointed out that the most likely cause of DOMS is damage
to ________________.
Match: 8,9; Fil_Blnk:
11,14,17-20; TF: 21,24,25; Concpt_Rev:
1,2(?),3,7,8,9; Ap_Know: 1,2;
Cse_in_Pnt: For what type of
exercise has creatine supplementation been found to be beneficial? |
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Terms:
characteristics of skeletal muscle sarcomere sarcoplasm sarcolemma sarcoplasmic reticulum T-tubules action potential refractory period
neuromuscular junction motor unit |
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actin and myosin overall contractile process sliding filament theory fast twitch fiber slow twitch fiber voluntary involuntary multi-unit smooth muscle single-unit smooth muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle |
Chapter 7– Blood: - pp. 148-151,154,155
Dir_Sci: What is the most important property or characteristic of an
effective blood substitute? Hlth_Watch: How would you rank the risks associated with giving/donating blood
compared to receiving blood (e.g., receiving a blood transfusion)?
Cse_in_Pnt: What combination of training and altitude exposure seems to be the
most advantageous for enhancing athlete’s
endurance? Match: 1-4; Fil_Blnk:
16-18; TF: none; Concpt_Rev:
1; Ap_Know: 1,2 Chapter 8– Heart and Blood Vessels – all Hlth_Watch: A total cholesterol that is less than __________ is considered
optimal for health.
Hlth_Watch: According the American Medical Assoc. what is the most important
preventative factor in premature death in the USA?
Dir_Sci: Why is there so much concern for knowing how much exercise is needed
for good health? Match: 1-4,8,10; Label_Diag:
11-16,19,20; Fil_Blnk: 21,22,24,25;
Concpt_Rev: 1,3,4,5; Ap_Know:
Question # 2 is misleading as blood pressure does increase with
exercise, why do you think blood pressure would increase with exercise,
that is, what would cause it to increase? |
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Terms:
plasma formed elements red blood cell - erythrocyte hemoglobin hematocrit white blood cells platelets anemia thrombus embolus hemophilia artery arteriosclerosis arteriole capillary venule vein varicose veins
heart anatomy |
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heart valves heart sounds (lub dub, murmurs) pulmonary circuit systemic circuit aorta cardiac output systolic blood pressure diastolic blood pressure hypertension EKG SA and AV node arrhythmias coronary artery angina myocardial infarct stroke thrombus lymph lymph nodes |
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Chapter 9– The Immune System & Mechanisms of
Defense: - pp. 196-224
Hlth_Watch: How does breast feeding infants contribute to their ability to
defend against disease?
Hlth_Watch: Why is it important to take ALL of the antibiotics given in your
prescription in terms of bacterial resistance, i.e., what can happen if
you don’t?
Match: 3-10; Fil_Blnk:
11-20; TF: 21-25; Concpt_Rev:
2-6,8-10; Ap_Know: 1-3 Chapter 7– Blood: - pp. 153,155,156,159-161
Match: 5,6,9,10; Fil_Blnk:
14,20; TF: 22,23; Concpt_Rev:
4,6,7; Ap_Know: 1-3 |
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Terms:
microorganisms bacteria fungi protozoa virus parasites virulence drug resistance inflammation histamine leukocytes neutrophils monocytes macrophages |
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lymphatic system lymphocytes (B & T) humoral immunity antigen antibody active immunity passive immunity vaccination cell mediated immunity ABO blood type Rh factor allergy autoimmunity AIDS |
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Chapter 10 – The Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases– 234-251 Hlth_Watch: What is the name of the
procedure used to force food out of a person’s
respiratory passage when they are choking?
Dir_Sci: What is the advantage of administering a drug via the respiratory
passages? Hlth_Watch: Altitude sickness results from “thin
air”, what specifically happens to the air that causes the problems as
altitude is increased?
Match: 1-3,5,8-10; Fil_Blnk:
12-14,17; TF: 21,24; Concpt_Rev:
5-8; Ap_Know: 2-4 |
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Terms:
trachea bronchi alveoli diaphragm ventilation (vs. respiration) diffusion partial pressure |
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mechanics of breathing regulation of ventilation carbon monoxide poisoning asthma emphysema bronchitis pneumonia |
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Chapter 11– The Nervous System: Integration and Control– pp. 258-277
Dir_Sci: How have most of the roles of various parts of the brain been
determined? Hlth_Watch: What is the (neural)
mechanism by which cocaine exerts its euphoric effects?
Match: 1-3,5-8,10; Fil_Blnk:
11-14,15-19; TF: 21; Concpt_Rev:
2,4,6;
Cse_in_Pnt: What does new research suggest about the loss of brain cells and
aging? |
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Terms: CNS PNS nerve structure body axon dendrite cranial nerves spinal nerves action potential conduction synapse
neuromyo junction
neurotransmitter |
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acetylcholine afferent efferent motor sensory reflex somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system hindbrain midbrain forebrain |
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Chapter 13– The Endocrine System: - pp. 316-337
(basic function of endocrine glands)
Dir_Sci: Why was the development of the technique to use “recombinant DNA” important in the treatment of diabetes? Hlth_Watch: What is the main
distinction (problem) between Type I and Type II diabetes?
Match: 4-10; Fil_Blnk:
11-14,18; TF: 21-24; Concpt_Rev:
2,,3,5,8-10; Ap_Know: 2,3
Cse_in_Pnt: What does new research suggest about the loss of brain cells and
aging? |
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Terms:
endocrine tissue hormone hormone action target tissue receptors feedback loop (positive and negative) half life |
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episodic release neurohormones hypothalamus master gland primary endocrine glands diabetes hormones-like substances, e.g., prostaglandins |
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Chapter 14– The Digestive System and Nutrition – all
Dir_Sci: Why is it that antibiotics are an effective treatment for stomach
ulcers?
Hlth_Watch: What are some of the environmental factors that contribute to
obesity?
Match: 4,5,7,9,10; Fil_Blnk:
11,14,20; TF: 21-25; Concpt_Rev:
1,2,6,8 Ap_Know: 1-3
Cse_in_Pnt: By what 2 mechanisms do drugs like ephredra
theoretically contribute to weight loss. CONCEPTS OF METABOLISM from Chapter 3 – Structure and Function of Cells – pp. 70-75
Match: 9; Fil_Blnk:
19,20; TF: 22-24; Concpt_Rev:
9,10; Ap_Know: 3 |
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Terms:
digestive tract mouth - function esophagus - function stomach - function gastric juice chyme small intestine -function large intestine –function
digestive enzymes, e.g., protease
digestive hormones, e.g., secretin
villi and microvilli
liver - function
bile, hepatitis, cirrhosis
gall bladder - function
pancreas - function ulcer |
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nutrient "essential" CHO - function fat - function protein - function vitamins - function minerals - function water – function trace elements glycogen triglyceride saturated fats unsaturated fats food groups/servings fiber |
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catabolic anabolic energy work conservation of energy biological cycle biological machine kilocalorie ATP (systems) glycolysis Krebs cycle respiratory chain (ETC) acetyl CoA aerobic anaerobic energy systems |
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Lecture - Human Energy
Expenditure |
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Terms: energy
balance daily energy expenditure BMR obesity ideal body weight |
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body mass index % body fat anorexia bulimia exercise and energy expenditure |
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Chapter 15– The Urinary System – pp. 374-378, 383, 386, 390-391.
Hlth_Watch: What are the two benefits of drinking cranberry juice as a remedy
for a urinary tract infection?
Dir_Sci: It has been proposed that donating a kidney will result in health
problems later in life. Is
this idea supported by the most recent data related to the long-term
health of kidney donors?
Cur_Iss: How do the number of organs available compare to the number of organs
needed over the last decade?
Match: 1,2,5,6,10; Fil_Blnk:
14,16,17; TF: none; Concpt_Rev:
6,7; Ap_Know: 3 |
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Terms:
anatomy of urinary system anatomy of kidney cortex, medulla, nephron anatomy of nephron glomerulus Bowman's capsule special tubules
role of blood vessels |
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processes in urine formation diffusion, filtration, osmosis, active transport, permeability,
reabsorption overview of urine formation control of urine volume - ADH
hormone dialysis urinalysis |
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Chapter 17– Cell Reproduction and Differentiation: -
pp. 426-433, 437
Dir_Sci: What argument is made for the importance of sexual reproduction as
it pertains to protecting us from microorganisms? Hlth_Watch: DNA finger printing is now possible because of the role of some
special enzymes. What are
those enzymes called and how is it that they provide a “fingerprint”?
Cur_Iss: What is the basic process involved in the cloning technique called
somatic cell nuclear transfer? Hlth_Watch: What is the difference between fetotoxic and teratogenic?
Match: 3,4; Fil_Blnk:
none; TF: 18; Concpt_Rev:
1,5,7; Ap_Know: none |
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Terms: chromosome
karyotype
diploid haploid meiosis tetrads crossover
gametes |
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sperm egg zygote gonads testes ovary spermiogenesis oogenesis polar body |
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS - Chapter 17– Cell Reproduction and Differentiation: - pp. 426-433, 437 Match: 12,5-8; Fil_Blnk: 11-12; TF: none; Concpt_Rev: 2,3,6,9,10; Ap_Know: 2,3 |
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Terms:
DNA RNA semiconservative
replication transcription translation codon anticodon tRNA rRNA mRNA |
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protein synthesis exon operon induction mutagen mutations chromosomal genetic germinal somatic |
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genetic disease PKU genetic engineering recombinant DNA technique plasmids ethical aspects of genetic engineering |
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Chapter 19– Genetics and Inheritance: - all Hlth_Watch: Cystic Fibrosis is the result of a recessive gene.
What is the primary characteristic of this disorder as is relates
to the lungs?
Dir_Sci: What argument is made for the importance of sexual reproduction as
it pertains to protecting us from microorganisms?
Cur_Iss: What is meant by the phrase “mapping
the genome”?
Match: 1-10; Fil_Blnk:
11-20; TF: 21-25; Concpt_Rev:
1(?)-10; Ap_Know: 1-3 |
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Terms:
Mendelian principles gene locus allele dominant recessive homozygous heterozygous genotype phenotype Phenotypic ratio Punnett Square |
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autosome sex chromosome seX-linked inheritance polygenic inheritance incomplete dominance codominance Down's syndrome (trisomy) Klinefelter's syndrome Turner's syndrome deletion duplication translocation |
Chapter 27 - Human Evolution
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Terms: phylogeny era period epoch chemical evolution Darwinism natural selection vertebrate placental mammal primate |
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homo sapien Prosimians Anthropoidea Hominoid Hominid Homo Neanderthal Cromagnon |
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Chapter 28 - Human Ecology
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Terms: species population community ecosystem human demography growth curve world population United States population ecological community food chain trophic levels autotrophs biomass |
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heterotrophs herbivores carnivores ominvores biological magnification DDT ecosystem biotic abiotic greenhouse effect acid rain soil pollution erosion |
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redone Jan-02 (jcm)
Last updated on 06/29/10
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| URL: http://www.uwgb.edu/markerj/intro.htm/ ©2002 All rights reserved James C. Marker, Ph.D., Home Page, E-mail Human Biology Department University of Wisconsin - Green Bay 2420 Nicolet Dr. Green Bay, WI 54311 |